Skip to content

Webvision

The Organization of the Retina and Visual System

  • Home
  • Blog
  • About/FAQ
  • Changelog

Part XVII: Refractive Errors

  • The Science Behind Myopia by Brittany J. Carr and William K. Stell

Search

Chapters

  • Book
    • Part I: Foundations
      • Introduction by Helga Kolb
      • Gross Anatomy of the Eye by Helga Kolb
      • Simple Anatomy of the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • How the Retina Works (pdf) by Helga Kolb
    • Part II: Anatomy and Physiology of the retina
      • The retinal pigment epithelium by Olaf Strauss
      • Photoreceptors by Helga Kolb
      • Outer Plexiform Layer by Helga Kolb
      • Inner Plexiform Layer by Helga Kolb
      • Morphology and Circuitry of Ganglion Cells by Helga Kolb
      • Ganglion Cell Physiology by Ralph Nelson
      • Melanopsin-expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) by Dustin M. Graham and Kwoon Y. Wong
      • Glial cells of the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • The Architecture of the Human Fovea By Helga Kolb, Ralph Nelson, Peter Ahnelt, Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán and Nicolas Cuenca
    • Part III: Retinal Circuits
      • Circuitry for Rod Signals Through The Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Cone Pathways through the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Roles of Amacrine Cells by Helga Kolb
      • AII Amacrine Cells by Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton
      • Midget pathways of the primate retina underlie resolution and red green color opponency by Helga Kolb
      • S-Cone Pathways by Helga Kolb
      • Feedback Loops by Helga Kolb
      • The Anatomy and Physiology of Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells by Jinyue Liu
      • Myriad Roles for Gap Junctions in Retinal Circuits by Stuart Trenholm and Gautam B. Awatramani
    • Part IV: Neurotransmitters in the Retina
      • Neurotransmitters in the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Glycine Receptor Diversity in the Mammalian Retina by Silke Haverkamp
      • The Role of Dopamine in Retinal Function By Elka Popova
    • Part V: Phototransduction and Photoreceptor Synaptic Pathways
      • Phototransduction in Rods and Cones by Yingbin Fu
      • Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina by Victoria Connaughton
      • Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina by Ralph Nelson and Victoria Connaughton
      • GABAc Receptors in the Vertebrate Retina by Haohua Qian
      • S-Potentials and Horizontal Cells by Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson
    • Part VI: Retinal Neurogenesis: Early stages in the development of neurons and pathways
      • Formation of Early Retinal Circuits in the Inner Plexiform Layer by Kevin J. Ford and Marla Feller
      • Development of cell types and synaptic connections in the retina by Josh Morgan and Rachel Wong
      • Development of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Structure and Synaptic Connections by Ning Tian
    • Part VII: Color Vision
      • Color Vision by Peter Gouras
    • Part VIII: Psychophysics of Vision
      • Psychophysics of Vision by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Visual Acuity by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Temporal Resolution by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Color Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Space Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Perception of Depth by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
    • Part IX: Brain Visual Areas
      • The Primary Visual Cortex by Matthew Schmolesky
    • Part X: Repair and Regeneration in the visual sytem
      • Regeneration in the Goldfish Visual System by Sam Nona
      • Regeneration in the visual system of adult mammals by Yves Sauve and Frederic Gaillard
      • Fetal tissue allografts in the central visual system of rodents by Frederic Gaillard and Yves Sauve
    • Part XI: Electrophysiology
      • Visually Evoked Potentials by Donnell J. Creel
      • The Electroretinogram: ERG by Ido Perlman
      • The Electroretinogram and Electro-oculogram: Clinical Applications by Donnell J. Creel
      • Visual And Auditory Anomalies Associated With Albinism by Donnell J. Creel
    • Part XII: Investigations of Human Retinal Disease
      • Retinal Degeneration, Remodeling and Plasticity by Bryan William Jones, Robert E. Marc and Rebecca L. Pfeiffer
      • Cellular Remodeling in Mammalian Retina Induced by Retinal Detachment by Steve Fisher, Geoffrey P. Lewis, Kenneth A Linberg, Edward Barawid and Mark V. Verardo
      • Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) by Gregory S. Hageman, Karen Gaehrs, Lincoln V. Johnson and Don Anderson
      • Diabetic Retinopathy and A Novel Treatment Based On The Biophysics Of Rod Photoreceptors And Dark Adaptation by Geoffrey. B. Arden and David J. Ramsey
      • What is glaucoma? by David Krizaj
    • Part XIII: Facts and Figures concerning the human retina by Helga Kolb
    • Part XIV: Evolution of Phototransduction, Vertebrate Photoreceptors and Retina by Trevor Lamb
    • Part XV: Visual Prostheses
      • Introduction To Visual Prostheses by Eduardo Fernandez and Richard Normann
      • Retinal Prostheses by Ethan D. Cohen
    • Part XVI: Anterior Segment
      • Crystalline Lens and Cataract by Joah F. Aliancy and Nick Mamalis
      • Intraocular Lenses for Cataract Surgery by Jason Nguyen and Liliana Werner
    • Part XVII: Refractive Errors
      • The Science Behind Myopia by Brittany J. Carr and William K. Stell
  • Changelog

Categories

Archives