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The Organization of the Retina and Visual System

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Posted on January 9, 2012January 3, 2016

Functional Activation of Glutamate Ionotropic Receptors in the Human Peripheral Retina

This paper by Clairton F. de Souza, Michael Kalloniatis, Philip J. Polkinghorne, Charles N.J. McGhee, Monica L. Acosta examines glutamate receptors and their functional activation in the human retina.

Continue reading “Functional Activation of Glutamate Ionotropic Receptors in the Human Peripheral Retina”

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Chapters

  • Book
    • Part I: Foundations
      • Introduction by Helga Kolb
      • Gross Anatomy of the Eye by Helga Kolb
      • Simple Anatomy of the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • How the Retina Works (pdf) by Helga Kolb
    • Part II: Anatomy and Physiology of the retina
      • The retinal pigment epithelium by Olaf Strauss
      • Photoreceptors by Helga Kolb
      • Outer Plexiform Layer by Helga Kolb
      • Inner Plexiform Layer by Helga Kolb
      • Morphology and Circuitry of Ganglion Cells by Helga Kolb
      • Ganglion Cell Physiology by Ralph Nelson
      • Melanopsin-expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) by Dustin M. Graham and Kwoon Y. Wong
      • Glial cells of the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • The Architecture of the Human Fovea
    • Part III: Retinal Circuits
      • Circuitry for Rod Signals Through The Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Cone Pathways through the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Roles of Amacrine Cells by Helga Kolb
      • AII Amacrine Cells by Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton
      • Midget pathways of the primate retina underlie resolution and red green color opponency by Helga Kolb
      • S-Cone Pathways by Helga Kolb
      • Feedback Loops by Helga Kolb
      • The Anatomy and Physiology of Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells by Jinyue Liu
      • Myriad Roles for Gap Junctions in Retinal Circuits
    • Part IV: Neurotransmitters in the Retina
      • Neurotransmitters in the Retina by Helga Kolb
      • Glycine Receptor Diversity in the Mammalian Retina by Silke Haverkamp
    • Part V: Phototransduction and Photoreceptor Synaptic Pathways
      • Phototransduction in Rods and Cones by Yingbin Fu
      • Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina by Victoria Connaughton
      • Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina by Ralph Nelson and Victoria Connaughton
      • GABAc Receptors in the Vertebrate Retina by Haohua Qian
      • S-Potentials and Horizontal Cells by Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson
    • Part VI: Retinal Neurogenesis: Early stages in the development of neurons and pathways
      • Formation of Early Retinal Circuits in the Inner Plexiform Layer by Kevin J. Ford and Marla Feller
      • Development of cell types and synaptic connections in the retina by Josh Morgan and Rachel Wong
      • Development of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Structure and Synaptic Connections by Ning Tian
    • Part VII: Color Vision
      • Color Vision by Peter Gouras
    • Part VIII: Psychophysics of Vision
      • Psychophysics of Vision by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Visual Acuity by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Temporal Resolution by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Color Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Space Perception by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
      • Perception of Depth by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
    • Part IX: Brain Visual Areas
      • The Primary Visual Cortex by Matthew Schmolesky
    • Part X: Repair and Regeneration in the visual sytem
      • Regeneration in the Goldfish Visual System by Sam Nona
      • Regeneration in the visual system of adult mammals by Yves Sauve and Frederic Gaillard
      • Fetal tissue allografts in the central visual system of rodents by Frederic Gaillard and Yves Sauve
    • Part XI: Electrophysiology
      • Visually Evoked Potentials by Donnell J. Creel
      • The Electroretinogram: ERG by Ido Perlman
      • The Electroretinogram and Electro-oculogram: Clinical Applications by Donnell J. Creel
      • Visual And Auditory Anomalies Associated With Albinism by Donnell J. Creel
    • Part XII: Investigations of Human Retinal Disease
      • Retinal Degeneration, Remodeling and Plasticity by Bryan William Jones, Robert E. Marc and Rebecca L. Pfeiffer
      • Cellular Remodeling in Mammalian Retina Induced by Retinal Detachment by Steve Fisher, Geoffrey P. Lewis, Kenneth A Linberg, Edward Barawid and Mark V. Verardo
      • Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) by Gregory S. Hageman, Karen Gaehrs, Lincoln V. Johnson and Don Anderson
      • Diabetic Retinopathy and A Novel Treatment Based On The Biophysics Of Rod Photoreceptors And Dark Adaptation by Geoffrey. B. Arden and David J. Ramsey
      • What is glaucoma? by David Krizaj
    • Part XIII: Facts and Figures concerning the human retina by Helga Kolb
    • Part XIV: Evolution of Phototransduction, Vertebrate Photoreceptors and Retina by Trevor Lamb
    • Part XV: Visual Prostheses
      • Introduction To Visual Prostheses by Eduardo Fernandez and Richard Normann
      • Retinal Prostheses by Ethan D. Cohen
    • Part XVI: Anterior Segment
      • Crystalline Lens and Cataract by Joah F. Aliancy and Nick Mamalis
      • Intraocular Lenses for Cataract Surgery by Jason Nguyen and Liliana Werner
    • Part XVII: Refractive Errors
      • The Science Behind Myopia by Brittany J. Carr and William K. Stell
  • Changelog

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